HESI Practice Test #2

Which substance in the teeth continues to form throughout life and supports the enamel?

The ____ is the layer of the heart used for contraction that has striated muscle fibers.

Bile is produced by the ____.

Which is not a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart?

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?

What is the name of the heart valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Where are neurotransmitters released?

The structure that moves nerve impulses away from the cell body is called the ____.

Mycology is defined as the study of ____.

Which of these partial taxonomic rank lists is arranged to show broadest, most inclusive to narrowest, most exclusive?

The ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions is ____.

Which of these is not a biotic factor?

Which is not a morphology of bacterial classification?

Halophile archaebacteria only survive in which type of environment?

Bacteria that need oxygen to survive are called ____.

Bacteria live in ____.

In the formula C12H22O11, the 12 following the carbon represents 12 ____ of carbon.

In an ionic bond, a positively charged ion is attracted to what type of ion?

High density matter, which is little affected by pressure and holds its shape, is classified as ____.

DNA and RNA contain many of the same nitrogen-containing bases. Which base is only found in RNA?

Which of these is not a component of lipids?

Simple carbohydrates composed of a single ring are also called ____.

Which of these is a water-soluble vitamin?

A catalyst increases which of these in a chemical reaction?

What type of clause is underlined in this sentence?

“Do not talk to mom until she has had her first cup of coffee.”

The underlined word in the sentence is which part of speech?

“The panda chewed his bamboo shoot slowly and carefully.”

Which is the correct verb form to use in the blank in this sentence?

“Each player and coach on staff ____ for a new sports facility by next season.”

Which of these sentences is grammatically correct?

Which punctuation mark would correctly fill in the blank space in this sentence?

Jane ordered the steak __ Mark ordered the chicken salad.

Which part of speech is bolded in the following sentence?

“The driver traveled slowly along the highway, due to the proliferation of ice and snow.

Which of these sentences correctly uses punctuation?

Which of these sentences correctly uses the word it’s?

What is 18.34?

What is (9 + 4) + (13 + 2)?

Convert .125 into fraction form.

Which of these numbers is a factor of 42?

What is 80% of 500?

Which Roman numeral represents the number 29?

Which fraction can be simplified to 2/3?

Clopidogrel tablets are available in 75 mg doses. If a doctor orders an initial dose of 300 mg, how many tablets should the patient take?

What is the maximum height that a car traveling at 110 km/h can achieve when going up a hill? (Assume that only conservative forces are involved.)

What is the maximum distance that a 10 kg bicycle with a kinetic energy of 15 J can travel on a rough horizontal surface? (Assume μ=0.2)

Which of the following will decrease the current flowing through a circuit?

Which of the following is responsible for charging a substance A with a positive charge and a substance B with a negative charge?

If a baseball is launched horizontally from the top of a 15 m tall hill, with a velocity of 30m/s, how long would it take for it to fall to the ground?

Which of the following has the greatest momentum?

The diameter of a wheel is 0.30 m. If the wheel is on a car that is traveling at 8.0 m/s, what is the velocity of the wheel in rpm?

Which of the following colors of visible light has the greatest energy?

Which of the following pieces of information reveals the importance of the discoveries in the study described in the attached passage?

What is the meaning of the word generalized in the attached passage?

“When animals get sick, they may change their behaviour, becoming less active, for example. The study’s lead author, Patricia Lopes from the Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies at the University of Zurich, says that previous research in wild animals has generally ignored how this change in behaviour may affect social contacts in a group and how, in turn, these changes can impact the transmission of a disease. Sick mice are not avoided, but remove themselves from the group.

To tackle this problem, Patricia Lopes and her colleagues used a novel combination of experimental manipulations of free-living mice, radio frequency tracking of animals, social network analysis and disease modelling. To simulate an infection, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharides (a component of the bacterial cell wall), which results in an immune response and generalized disease symptoms. In a paper published this week in the journal Scientific Reports, the team reveals that sick mice become disconnected from their social groups.

It is known that mice have the ability to detect other sick mice. Therefore, it was surprising to find that the animals in the same social group did not avoid the sick mouse. In fact, they went on interacting with the sick mouse and other mice more or less in the same way as before the experimental infection. “It was the sick mouse that removed itself from the group”, emphasizes Lopes. She suggests that such a change in the behaviour of the sick mouse may protect relatives in the same group from catching the disease, which could be beneficial from an evolutionary perspective.

Speed and extent of disease spread are greatly reduced.

In a further step, the researchers used mathematical models to predict how an infectious disease would spread considering the changes in behaviour of the sick animals. “When we account for the behavioural changes and how they affect social contacts, we find that the speed and the extent of disease spread are greatly reduced,” says Lopes.”

According to the attached passage, why is it important to replace standard implanted defibrillators?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

Which of the following statements is not suggested in the attached passage?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

What is the author’s intent in creating the content in the attached passage?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

According to the attached passage, what might instigate the use of light stimuli in future medical applications?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

What is the main idea of the attached passage?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from reading the attached passage?

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

“When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

Optical defibrillation requires gene transfer

The team used the new method of “optogenetic” stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. “This is a very important result”, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brügmann of Professor Sasse’s team. “It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia”. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.”

What type of medicine is dermatology likely to involve, based on its prefix?

Which word best fits the meaning, “a portion of tissue”?

What is the best definition of the word dichotomy?

What is the best definition of deficiency?